20世纪90年代以来，俄罗斯经历了一场严重的人口危机，人口总量持续减少，人口出生率大幅下降，死亡率居高不下，连续多年出现人口负增长，人口发展潜力不断削弱。日益严峻的人口问题不断威胁着俄罗斯的国家发展和民族命运，引起了俄国内上下的高度关注。为提高俄居民生育率，俄罗斯联邦政府从2007年起为生育或收养第二个及以上孩子的家庭设立了“母亲基金”。总体而言，“母亲基金”实施的成效明显，但在实施过程中同样暴露出一些瓶颈问题。主要体现在使用效率不高、各地区实施成效差异明显以及资金来源紧张等方面。从长远来看，俄罗斯国内人口形势依然严峻，居民生育率远未达到人口再生所需的水平。因此，“母亲基金”作为一项直接刺激居民生育意愿的物质激励措施，俄政府可能仍有必要继续保留并进一步完善。

Since the 1990s, Russia has experienced a serious population crisis. The potentials in population growth weakened continually due to decreasing total population, significantly falling birth rates, high mortality rates and negative population growth for many years. The increasingly grave population problems continue to threaten Russia’s state development and national destiny, which has aroused great concern in Russia. In order to improve the fertility rate of Russian residents, the Government of the Russian Federation has set up the “Mother’s Fund” for those families who give birth to or adopt the second child or more children since 2007. Generally speaking, the effects of the “Mother’s Fund” is obvious, whereas some bottleneck problems during the implementation has also been exposed, which mainly include low efficiency, obviously different regional effects in implementation and lack of funding sources. In the long run, Russia still faces serious population problems. Its fertility rate is far from what is required for population regeneration. Therefore, the “Mother’s Fund”, as a direct material stimulus to the incentives of fertility, the Russian government may still need to retain and improve further.