本文探讨了20世纪中俄民间组织合作的历史、合作规模、合作模式以及对中俄关系发展的影响。考察了20世纪初旅俄华侨组织的维权活动，20—40年代哈尔滨、上海等地俄侨的文化教育活动，民国时期诸种苏联研究会的研究宣传活动，新中国时期中苏友协对苏联全方位的宣传活动，改革开放以后中、俄民间组织在两国经贸、文化、教育、学术等诸多领域的活动。认为，20世纪中俄民间组织合作大体上有“民间组织合作”和“民间组织+官方”两种基本的合作模式。就合作规模而言，世纪初可谓涓涓细流，50年代掀起大潮，60年代跌入低谷，90年代以后呈现多领域、多层次稳定合作的发展态势。20世纪中俄民间合作内容异彩纷呈，成为两国关系的重要补充——在政治领域，发动群众实施国家大政方针，延长了国家的手臂；在经贸领域，依靠民间力量排除一些国家暂无力顾及的障碍因素，成为国家的帮手；在文化、科学、教育等领域，利用民间组织决策及活动灵活的优点，成为两国交往穿针引线的巧手。20世纪中俄民间组织合作已经成为两国国家间关系发展的重要组成部分，中俄民间组织合作潜力巨大，可以大有作为。

This paper discusses the history, scale, pattern of NGOs’ cooperation in the 20th century and its impact on the development of Sino-Russian relations. This article explores the following activities: the rights protecting activities of organizations for Overseas Chinese in Russia in early 20th century; cultural and educational activities of Overseas Russians in Harbin and Shanghai from 1920s till 1940s; activities in publicizing and researches of various research communities for the Soviet Union during the period of the Republic of China, all-around publicity by the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association during the new China period; a full range of bilateral trade and economic, cultural, educational, academic and other activities by Chinese and Russian NGOs since China’s reform and opening up policy. This article holds that there are two basic modes of cooperation for Chinese and Russian NGOs in the 20th century, namely, “NGO Cooperation” and “NGO plus Governmental Cooperation”. Regarding the cooperation scale, it was small like a trickle at the beginning of the 20th century; tided up in the 1950s, sunk to a low ebb in the 1960s; developed in multiple fields and at multiple levels since the 1990s. The content of the Sino-Russian cooperation in the 20th century was various and has become an important complement to bilateral relations---in the political field, launched the masses, implemented national policies and extended the country’s arms; in the economic and trade field, it depended on the mass power and temporarily excluded some barriers which the countries can not afford to take into account, becoming a great help to the country; in the cultural, science, and educational fields, it made use of the advantages of NGOs’ flexibility in decision-making and has become a go-between between the two countries. The cooperation of NGOs between China and Russia in the 20th century has become an important part of Sino-Russian relations. The cooperation potential between Chinese and Russian NGOs is great and can thus accomplish a lot.